Glycosylation of proteins

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the finding of methods to shift the glycosylation profile of recombinant produced serum glycoproteins to the predominant bi-antennary form found in human plasma. This is accomplished by providing a mammalian cell line according to the invention with a series of gene disruptions and/or gene insertions that facilitate this shift.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS AND INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/767,531, filed May 27, 2020, which in turn is a U.S. national stage of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2018/081616, filed Nov. 16, 2018, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 17204071.9, filed Nov. 28, 2017, and European Patent Application No. 18182948.2, filed Jul. 11, 2018, each of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

Incorporated by reference in its entirety is a computer-readable nucleotide/amino acid sequence listing submitted concurrently herewith and identified as follows: ASCII (text) file named “55685A_Seqlisting.XML,” 88,169 bytes, created on Nov. 14, 2022.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the finding of methods to shift the glycosylation profile of recombinant produced serum glycoproteins to the predominant bi-antennary form found in human plasma. This is accomplished by providing a mammalian cell line according to the invention with a series of knock outs and/or knock in's that facilitate this shift.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recombinant glycoproteins and in particular human serum proteins, such as the glycoproteins from the family of serpins are produced for a range of applications. This included Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), Plasma protease C1 inhibitor (C1Inh), Antithrombin-III (ATIII), Monocyte neutrophil elastase inhibitor (Serpin B1), Plasminogen activator inhibitor I (PAI1) that are produced for therapeutic applications in humans.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is used for treatment of people with AAT-deficiency. Such deficiency may result in lethal lung disease and liver disease. Over one million people have been estimated to be deficient of AAT globally. Currently, AAT is purified from human plasma.

This treatment regimen is both expensive (USD 52,000 per year per patient), and not optimal with regards to safety, as possible pathogens present in plasma may not be efficiently cleared.

Many approaches have been pursued to produce recombinant human AAT. Efforts of producing AAT in non-mammalian cells such as E.coli, yeast and plants have resulted in either non-glycosylated AAT or non-human glycosylation patterns. Production of AAT in transgenic animals such as sheep has also been reported. However, an immune response to endogenous (sheep) AAT in the purified product was later observed. This clearly demonstrates one of the major challenges that transgenic animal-derived therapeutics is facing. Finally, AAT has also been produced in CHO and human cells with an aberrant glycoprofile.

Thus, there is a need in the art for glycoproteins with a more native human glycoprofile.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of embodiments of the invention to provide methods and tools for producing recombinant proteins with a glycan profile found naturally in humans.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has been found by the present inventor(s) that by specific modification of a mammalian host cell with the downregulation or inactivation of a series of genes in combination with the insertion of other specific gene(s), this mammalian host cell is made into a cell that will produce glycoproteins with a glycosylation profile that more resemble the glycosylation profile found for the same glycoproteins naturally in humans, such as in human plasma.

So, in a first aspect the present invention relates to a recombinant mammalian cell line having a) one or more of the endogenous genes Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8 inactivated and/or downregulated; and b) optionally a gene encoding Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 inserted.

In some embodiments the endogenous gene Mgat4A is inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the endogenous gene Mgat4B is inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the endogenous gene Mgat5 is inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the endogenous gene St3Gal3 is inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the endogenous gene St3Gal4 is inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the endogenous gene St3Gal6 is inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the endogenous gene SPPL3 inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the endogenous gene B3GNT2 is inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the endogenous gene GLUL is inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the endogenous gene FUT8 is inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or all eight of the endogenous genes Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8 are inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or all nine of the endogenous genes Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, B3GNT2, and FUT8 are inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or all nine of the endogenous genes Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, GLUL and FUT8 are inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or all ten of the endogenous genes Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, B3GNT2, GLUL and FUT8 are inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments two genes selected from Mgat4A and Mgat4B;

-   -   Mgat4A and Mgat5; Mgat4A and St3Gal3; Mgat4A and St3Gal4; Mgat4A         and St3Gal6;     -   Mgat4A and SPPL3;Mgat4A and FUT8; GLUL and Mgat4A; GLUL and         Mgat4B; GLUL and Mgat5; GLUL and St3Gal3; GLUL and St3Gal4; GLUL         and St3Gal6;GLUL and SPPL3;GLUL and FUT8; Mgat4B and Mgat5;         Mgat4B and St3Gal3; Mgat4B and St3Gal4; Mgat4B and St3Gal6;     -   Mgat4B and SPPL3; Mgat4B and FUT8;Mgat5 and St3Gal3; Mgat5 and         St3Gal4;Mgat5 and St3Gal6; Mgat5 and SPPL3; Mgat5 and FUT8;         St3Gal3 and St3Gal4; St3Gal3 and St3Gal6;     -   St3Gal3 and SPPL3; St3Gal3 and FUT8; St3Gal4 and St3Gal6;         St3Gal4 and SPPL3; St3Gal4 and FUT8; St3Gal6 and SPPL3; St3Gal6         and FUT8; and SPPL3 and FUT8 are inactivated and/or         downregulated.

In some embodiments three genes selected from

-   -   Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and Mgat5; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and St3Gal3;     -   Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and St3Gal4; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and St3Gal6;     -   Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and FUT8; Mgat4A,         Mgat5, and St3Gal3;     -   Mgat4A, Mgat5, and St3Gal4; Mgat4A, Mgat5, and St3Gal6;     -   Mgat4A, Mgat5, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat5, and FUT8; Mgat4A,         St3Gal3, and St3Gal4;     -   Mgat4A, St3Gal3, and St3Gal6; Mgat4A, St3Gal3, and SPPL3;         Mgat4A, St3Gal3, and FUT8;     -   Mgat4A, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; Mgat4A, St3Gal4, and SPPL3;         Mgat4A, St3GaI4, and FUT8;     -   Mgat4A, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4A,         SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, and Mgat5; GLUL, Mgat4B, and         St3Gal3; GLUL, Mgat4B, and St3Gal4; GLUL, Mgat4B, and St3Gal6;         GLUL, Mgat4B, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4B, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5,         and St3Gal3; GLUL, Mgat5, and St3Gal4; GLUL, Mgat5, and St3Gal6;         GLUL, Mgat5, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat5, and FUT8; GLUL, St3Gal3,         and St3Gal4; GLUL, St3Gal3, and St3Gal6;     -   GLUL, St3GaI3, and SPPL3; GLUL, St3Gal3, and FUT8; GLUL,         St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; GLUL, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; GLUL, St3Gal4,         and FUT8; GLUL, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, St3Gal6, and FUT8;         GLUL, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A and Mgat4B; GLUL, Mgat4A and         Mgat5;     -   GLUL, Mgat4A and St3Gal3; GLUL, Mgat4A and St3Gal4; GLUL, Mgat4A         and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A and FUT8;         Mgat4B, Mgat5, and St3Gal3; Mgat4B, Mgat5, and St3Gal4; Mgat4B,         Mgat5, and St3Gal6;     -   Mgat4B, Mgat5, and SPPL3; Mgat4B, Mgat5, and FUT8; Mgat4B,         St3Gal3, and St3Gal4;     -   Mgat4B, St3Gal3, and St3Gal6; Mgat4B, St3Gal3, and SPPL3;         Mgat4B, St3Gal3, and FUT8;     -   Mgat4B, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; Mgat4B, St3Gal4, and SPPL3;         Mgat4B, St3Gal4, and FUT8;     -   Mgat4B, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4B, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4B,         SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat5, St3Gal3, and St3Gal4; Mgat5, St3Gal3,         and St3Gal6; Mgat5, St3Gal3, and SPPL3;     -   Mgat5, St3Gal3, and FUT8; Mgat5, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; Mgat5,         St3Gal4, and SPPL3;     -   Mgat5, St3Gal4, and FUT8; Mgat5, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat5,         St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat5, SPPL3, and FUT8; St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and         St3Gal6; St3Gak3, St3Gao4, and SPPL3;     -   St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and FUT8; St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and SPPL3;         St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8;     -   St3Gal3, SPPL3, and FUT8; St3Gak4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; St3Gal4,         St3Gal6, and FUT8;     -   St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; and St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8 are         inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments four genes selected from Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, and St3Gal3;

-   -   Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, and St3Gal4; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, and         St3Gal6;     -   Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, and         FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, and St3Gal4; Mgat4A, Mgat4B,         St3Gal3, and St3Gal6; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, and SPPL3;         Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, and         St3Gal6,     -   Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, and         FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat4B,         St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A,         Mgat5, St3Gal3, and St3Gal4; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and         St3Gal6; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; Mgat4A,         Mgat5, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and FUT8;         Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal6, FUT8;         Mgat4A, Mgat5, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and         St3Gal6; Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, and FUT8; Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and SPPL3;     -   Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4A, St3Gal3, SPPL3, and         FUT8; Mgat4A, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, St3Gal4,         St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4A, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A,         St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, and St3Gal3;         GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, and St3Gal4; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, and         St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, and St3Gal4; GLUL, Mgat4B,         St3Gal3, and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, and SPPL3; GLUL,         Mgat4B, St3Gal3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6,         GLUL, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, and         FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4B, St3Gal6,         and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3,         and St3Gal4; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5,         St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; GLUL,         Mgat5, St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL,         Mgat5, St3Gal6, FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL,         St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; GLUL, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and         SPPL3; GLUL, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, St3Gal3, St3Gal6,         and SPPL3; GLUL, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, St3Gal3,         SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL,         St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8;         GLUL, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and Mgat5;         GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and St3Gal3;     -   GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and St3Gal4; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and         St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B,         and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, and St3Gal3;     -   GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, and St3Gal4; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, and         St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5,         and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal3, and St3Gal4;     -   GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal3, and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal3, and         SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal4,         and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A,         St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL,         Mgat4A, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and         St3Gal4;Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and St3Gal6; Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, and SPPL3; Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and FUT8; Mgat4B,         Mgat5, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and SPPL3;         Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and FUT8; Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal6, and         SPPL3;     -   Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4B, Mgat5, SPPL3, and         FUT8; Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; Mgat4B, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, and SPPL3; Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and FUT8; Mgat4B,         St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8;     -   Mgat4B, St3Gal3, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4B, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and         SPPL3; Mgat4B, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4B, St3Gal4,         SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4B, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat5,         St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and         SPPL3;     -   Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3, and FUT8; Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and         SPPL3; Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat5, St3Gal3, SPPL3,         and FUT8; Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3;     -   Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat5, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and         FUT8; Mgat5, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; St3Gal3, St3Gal4,         St3Gal6, and SPPL3; St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8;         St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; St3Gal3, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and         FUT8; and St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8 are inactivated         and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments five genes selected from Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and St3Gal4; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and St3Gal6; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8;

GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and St3Gal4; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and St3Gal6;

-   -   GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6;         GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal6, and SPPL3;         GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6;         GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and SPPL3;         GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3,         SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3;         GLUL, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and         FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and St3Gal4; GLUL, Mgat4A,         Mgat5, St3Gal3, and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and         SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A,         Mgat5, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and         SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A,         Mgat5, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal6, and         FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, SPPL3, and FUT8; St3Gal3, St3Gal4,         and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; GLUL,         Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal3,         St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8;         St3Gal3, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and         SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A,         St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; and GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and         FUT8; Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6;     -   Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and FUT8;     -   Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8;     -   Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4B, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3;     -   Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4B, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8;     -   Mgat4B, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat5, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3;     -   Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat5, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8;     -   Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; and St3Gal3, St3Gal4,         St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8 are inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments six genes selected from Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, FUT8; Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3; Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8;

-   -   Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A,         Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B,         St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal6,         SPPL3, and FUT8;     -   Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B,         Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3,         SPPL3, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and         FUT8;     -   Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; Mgat4A,         Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and FUT8; Mgat4A, Mgat4B,         Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; and Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; GLUL, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6,         SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8;         GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4,         St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and         FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL,         Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B,         St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal6,         SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8;         GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B,         Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6,         and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and SPPL3;     -   GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B,         Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; and GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, and St3Gal4; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and

St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; St3Gal3, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; and GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8 are inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments seven genes selected from Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3: Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8;

-   -   Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8;         Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8;         Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8;         Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8;         Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL,         Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3: GLUL,         Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL,         Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B,         Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8;     -   GLUL, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL,         Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A,         Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6; GLUL, Mgat4A,         Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A,         Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B,         Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3,         St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8;     -   GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL,         Mgat4A, Mgat4B, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A,         Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and SPPL3; GLUL, Mgat4A,         Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5,         St3Gal3, St3Gal4, SPPL3, and FUT8; GLUL, Mgat4A, Mgat5, St3Gal4,         St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; and GLUL, Mgat4A, St3Gal3, St3Gal4,         St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8; and Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4,         St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8 are inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the gene encoding Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 is inserted.

In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a method for the production of a recombinant protein of interest, the method comprising the steps of: a) culturing a population of recombinant mammalian cells according to any one of claims 4-8 in a suitable cell culture medium; and b) harvesting said human protein of interest from the cell culture or cell culture medium. In some embodiments the protein of interest is produced with a glycan structure similar or identical to the glycan profile of said glycoprotein of interest found in human plasma.

In a third aspect the present invention relates to a recombinant human glycoprotein of interest produced according to the method of the invention.

LEGENDS TO THE FIGURE

FIG. 1 . Illustration of glycosylation profile with a fully sialylated bi-antennary structure without core fucosylation as found e.g. in human AAT from various sources, such as plasma-purified AAT.

FIG. 2 . Comparison of the glycoprofile of plasma-purified AAT and CHO-produced AAT. Wild-type CHO-produced AAT contains many different structures, with a core-fucosylated and partially to fully sialylated bi-antennary structure as the most dominant species, while plasma-purified contains almost exclusively a non-core-fucosylated fully sialylated bi-antennary glycostructure. In addition, CHO-derived sialic acids are linked by α2-3 linkages, while plasma sialic acids are linked by α2-6 linkages.

FIG. 3 . Glycoprofile of human AAT derived from the engineered cell lines described here. The described gene disruptions and gene insertion results in a non-core-fucosylated fully sialylated bi-antennary glycostructure with α2-6 linked sialic acids as the predominant species.

FIG. 4 . Isoelectric focusing gel of AAT derived from plasma (lane 1 and 2), the glycoengineered cell lines described here (lane 3 and 4), and wild-type CHO (lane 5 and 6). Migration patterns of plasma- and glycoengineered CHO-derived are identical.

FIG. 5 . Elastase inhibition assay probing the activity of

FIG. 6 . St6Gal1 vector map

FIG. 7 . SerpinA vector map

FIG. 8 . SerpinG vector map

FIG. 9 . SerpinC1 vector map

FIG. 10 . Combined St6Gal1/SerpinA vector map

FIG. 11 . Combined St6Gal1/SerpinG vector map

FIG. 12 . Growth and N-glycan structures from CHO-S WT and 10×KO cell lines. (A) Viable cell density and viability of batch cultures of CHO-S WT and two clonal cell lines with functional knockout of eight glycosyltransferases as well as GS and SPPL3. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of triplicates. (B) N-glycan analysis of total secreted proteins from CHO-S WT and the 10×KO clones A and B. Elution time is indicated on the x-axis and y-axis represents signal intensity normalized to highest peak (C) Proportion of non-fucosylated, biantennary N-glycans with terminal galactose (A2G2) in total secreted proteins from CHO-S WT and 10×KO clone A and B.

FIG. 13 . FITC-SNA lectin staining of selected poly- and monoclonal cell lines. (A) Fluorescent images of CHO-S WT and A1-1 cell line. Cells were stained for alpha-2,6-sialic acid linkage with FITC-SNA (green) and for nuclei with Hoechst (blue). The bottom right corner bar displays a length of 500 μm (B) Comparison of FITC-SNA positive cells. FITC-SNA lectin staining of CHO-S WT, two 50 μM MSX polyclonal cell lines and four selected clones. Bars indicate the proportion of cells with positive FITC signal due to SNA lectin binding on alpha-2,6-linked sialic acids on the cell surface. Error bars represent standard deviation of three individual measurements per sample.

FIG. 14 . Growth profiles, product titers and specific productivities of selected producing and non-producing clones. (A) Viable cell densities and cell viabilities of CHO-S WT, 10×KO B the rhA1AT-(A1-1 and A1-2) and rhCiINH- C1-1 and C1-2) producing clonal cell lines measured in batch cultures. Error bars indicate range of duplicate parallel cultures. (B) rhA1AT and rhC1INH titer in supernatants during the batch culture experiment. Error bars indicate standard deviation of three individual measurements from two shake flasks per clone. (C) Specific productivities of the rhAlAT and rhCiINH-producing clonal cell lines in the batch culture experiment. Average specific productivity was calculated from day 2-5 and from day 6-9. Colored symbols represent average measured specific productivity for shake flask duplicates. Black lines shows the average specific productivity based on the three measurements of shake flask duplicates.

FIG. 15 . Characterization of purified rhAlAT and rhC1INH. (A) SDS-PAGE gel analysis of commercially available Cinryze (pIC1INH) and Prolastin-C (plA1AT) as well as rhA1AT and rhC1INH purified from polyclonal CHO-S WT or from monoclonal cell lines derived from 10×KO B. Removal of N-glycans by PNGaseF was performed where indicated. PNGaseF migrating as a ˜40 kDa band is indicated with an asterisk and impurities of pIC1INH are indicated with arrows. (B) IEF gel analysis of same proteins as described for panel A. 2.5 μg purified protein was analysed per sample if not indicated otherwise. (C) N-glycan structures annotated in clones A1-1 and C1-1, respectively, as well as A2G2S2 proportions of purified rhAlAT and rhC1INH compared to pIAlAT and pIC1INH. (D) Left panel: In vitro assay measuring the inhibition of elastase activity at different concentrations of pIAlAT and rhA1AT purified from clones A1-1 and A1-2. Error bars indicate range of duplicate measurements. Maximum proteolytic activity of porcine elastase was set to 100%. Right panel: In vitro activity assessment of pIC1INH and rhCiINH purified from clones C1-1 and C1-2. As described in the assay, 1 IU/ml C1INH activity was set to 100%. Error bars indicate range of duplicate measurements.

FIG. 16 . N-glycan profiles, Overlay of CHO-S WT (dotted line) and Sppl3 KO (solid line) cell lines producing EPO and C1inh respectively. The effect of Sppl3 can be seen as a shift to larger N-glycans.

FIG. 17 . is a Table reciting nucleotide sequences for overexpression vectors referenced in Example 4.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Glyco-analysis of human AAT from various sources revealed that plasma-purified AAT is glycosylated with a fully sialylated bi-antennary structure without core fucosylation (FIGS. 1 and 2 ). In contrast, CHO-produced AAT contains many different structures with a partially and fully sialylated bi-antennary structure with core fucosylation as the most dominant species (FIG. 2 ).

The inventors of the present invention have found that a shift of the glycosylation profile of recombinant produced serum glycoproteins towards the predominant bi-antennary form found in human plasma, may be accomplished by knocking out or in any other way downregulating a selected a set of glycosylating enzymes. This will result in a 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 8-9 double knock out clone in which, glycoproteins, such as human serum proteins, such as human AAT are expressed. The following targets have been selected for this cell line:

-   -   1) Inactivation and/or downregulation of a series of enzymes         Mgat4A, Mgat4B, and Mgat5 that that facilitate a decrease in         branching.     -   2) Inactivation and/or downregulation of a series of enzymes         St3Gal3, St3Gal4, and St3Gal6 that facilitate the removal of CHO         specific alpha-2,3-sialylation.     -   3) Inactivation and/or downregulation of the enzyme SPPL3 that         facilitate to increase glycosyltransferases half-life in the         Golgi.     -   4) Inactivation and/or downregulation of the enzyme FUT8 that         facilitate the removal of core-fucosylation.     -   5) An optional inactivation and/or downregulation of the enzyme         B3GNT2 that may remove elongated antennas.     -   6) An optional inactivation and/or downregulation of the enzyme         GLUL that may boost cell growth, and may be used for selection.     -   7) The insertion of a gene encoding Beta-galactoside         alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (St6gal1), which gene direct a         human type branching of sialic acids.

With these modifications, it would be accomplished to shift in the glycosylation profile to the predominant bi-antennary form found in human plasma of recombinant produced serum glycoproteins, such as human serum proteins, such as human AAT, such as in CHO cells.

A host cell with these modifications may then be modified by insertion of a gene expressing an exogenous human glycoprotein of interest, such as a therapeutic human protein, such as a human serum protein, such as Plasma protease C1 inhibitor (C1Inh), Antithrombin-III (ATIII) or Human alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT).

In some embodiments the mammalian cells used according to the present inventions is selected from the group consisting of a Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) cells, such as CHO-K1; Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) cell; COS cell; HEK293; NSO; SP2/0; YB2/0; HUVEC; HKB; PER-C6; or derivatives of any of these cells.

In some embodiments the cell line according to the present invention is modified to express a gene expressing an exogenous human glycoprotein of interest, such as a human serum protein selected from any one human serpin of table 1:

TABLE 1 Serpin Alternative name(s) SERPINA1 Antitrypsin, Alpha-1-antitrypsin or α1-antitrypsin SERPINA2 Antitrypsin-related protein SERPINA3 Antichymotrypsin SERPINA4 Kallistatin (PI4) SERPINA5 Protein C inhibitor (PAI-3) SERPINA6 Corticosteroid-binding globulin SERPINA7 Thyroxine-binding globulin SERPINA8 Angiotensinogen SERPINA9 Centerin SERPINA10 Protein Z-dependent proteinase inhibitor SERPINA11 XP_170754.3 SERPINA12 Vaspin SERPINA13 XM_370772 SERPINB1 Monocyte neutrophil elastase inhibitor SERPINB2 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI2) SERPINB3 Squamous cell carcinoma antigen-1 SERPINB4 Squamous cell carcinoma antigen-2 SERPINB5 Maspin SERPINB6 Proteinase inhibitor-6 (PI6) SERPINB7 Megsin SERPINB8 Cytoplasmic antiproteinase 8 (PI8) SERPINB9 Cytoplasmic antiproteinase 9 (PI9) SERPINB10 Bomapin (PI10) SERPINB11 Epipin SERPINB12 Yukopin SERPINB13 Headpin (PI13) SERPINC1 Antithrombin SERPIND1 Heparin cofactor II SERPINE1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor I (PAI1) SERPINE2 Protease nexin I (PI7) SERPINE3 Hs.512272 SERPINF1 Pigment epithelium derived factor SERPINF2 Alpha-2-antiplasmin SERPING1 C1 inhibitor SERPINH1 47 kDa heat-shock protein SERPINI1 Neuroserpin (PI12) SERPINI2 Myoepithelium-derived serine proteinase inhibitor (PI14)

In particular the present inventors aimed to produce rhA1AT and rhC1INH in CHO-S with N-glycan profiles similar to pIAlAT and pIC1INH. First, the heterogeneous N-glycan profile of CHO-S WT cells was changed to more homogeneous profiles in bespoke cell lines with predominant A2G2 N-glycan structures. Disrupting nine N-glycosylation-related genes increased the A2G2 proportion on total secreted protein from 3.5% in CHO-S WT-derived cells to ˜80% in 10×KO cell lines. This supports the strategy to decrease N-glycan branching and alpha-2,3-sialylation by disrupting MGAT4A, MGAT4B, MGAT5, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4 and ST3GAL6. The impact of gene disruptions on cell culture performance was assessed in batch cultures. Furthermore, the monoclonal cell lines with disruption in ten gene targets showed enhanced growth characteristics compared to CHO-S WT cells. This included a boosted cell growth in the GLUL-lacking 10×KO cell lines in L-glutamine-supplemented medium.

In contrast to the production platforms previously described, rhAlAT and rhC1INH produced in the 10×KO cell lines described herein are not only exceeding sialylation levels of pIAlAT and pIC1INH but also reveal human-like alpha-2,6-sialylation instead of alpha-2,3-sialylation. The increased sialylation of rhAlAT had no impact on in vitro activity.

The present inventors describes a strategy to successfully engineer the heterogeneous N-glycosylation profile of in particular CHO-S WT cells towards the specific A2G2S2 N-glycan structure with the purpose of producing serpins, such as rhA1AT and rhC1INH with N-glycan profiles similar to human plasma-derived products. Thus, the present invention shows the promise and potential of replacing cost-intensive and possibly unsafe plasma-derived augmentation therapy for AATD and C1INH-HAE patients by CHO- produced rhAlAT and rhC1INH. This strategy is in compliance with the Medical and Scientific Advisory Council (MASAC) recommendation of replacing plasma-derived products with recombinant products for treatment of diseases.

Definitions

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT or AAT) refers to the protein identified as UniProtKB-P01009 (A1AT_HUMAN).

Plasma protease Cl inhibitor (ClInh) refers to the protein identified as UniProtKB-P05155 (IC1_HUMAN)

Antithrombin-III (ATIII) refers to the protein identified as UniProtKB-P01008 (ANT3_HUMAN)

The term “inactivated and/or downregulated” refers to a modification of a mammalian host cell, wherein some specific genes are either knocked out, downregulated, or completely or partially inactivated in any other way, such as by miRNA post translational silencing. Preferably this inactivation is a complete inactivation with no measurable sign of expression of this particular gene being inactivated. Suitable techniques to silence/knockout are very well described in the art and known to the person skilled in the art, e.g. as described in WO2015092737. In one specific embodiment, “inactivated and/or downregulated” refers to a gene knockout of the relevant gene.

The term “MGAT4A” as used herein refers to the gene encoding Mannosyl (Alpha-1,3-)-Glycoprotein Beta-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase, Isozyme A. This gene may also be referred to as

-   -   UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine: Alpha-1,3-D-Mannoside         Beta-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase Iva;     -   Mannosyl (Alpha-1,3-)-Glycoprotein         Beta-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase, Isoenzyme A;     -   N-Glycosyl-Oligosaccharide-Glycoprotein         N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase Iva;     -   N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase Iva;     -   GlcNAc-T Iva;     -   EC 2.4.1.145;     -   GNT-IVA 3;     -   UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine:Alpha 1,3-D-Mannoside Beta         1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase;     -   Alpha-1,3-Mannosyl-Glycoprotein         4-Beta-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase A;     -   Alpha-1,3-Mannosyl-Glycoprotein         Beta-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase;     -   UDP-GIcNAc:A-1,3-D-Mannoside B-1,4-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase         IV;     -   GNT-IV; and     -   GnT-4a.

The term “MGAT4B” as used herein refers to the gene encoding Mannosyl (Alpha-1,3-)-Glycoprotein Beta-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase, Isozyme B. This gene may also be referred to as

-   -   UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine: Alpha-1,3-D-Mannoside         Beta-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase IVb;     -   Mannosyl (Alpha-1,3-)-Glycoprotein         Beta-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase, Isoenzyme B;     -   N-Glycosyl-Oligosaccharide-Glycoprotein         N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase IVb;     -   N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase IVb;     -   GlcNAc-T IVb;     -   EC 2.4.1.145;     -   GNT-IVB 3;     -   UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine: Alpha-1,3-D-Mannoside         Beta-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV;     -   Alpha-1,3-Mannosyl-Glycoprotein         Beta-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase;     -   Alpha-1,3-Mannosyl-Glycoprotein         4-Beta-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase B;     -   Aminyltransferase; and     -   GNT-IV.

The term “MGATS” as used herein refers to the gene encoding Mannosyl (Alpha-1,6-)-Glycoprotein Beta-1,6-N-Acetyl-Glucosaminyltransferase. This gene may also be referred to as

-   -   Alpha-Mannoside Beta-1,6-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase;     -   Mannoside Acetylglucosaminyltransferase;     -   N-Acetylglucosaminyl-Transferase V;     -   EC 2.4.1.155;     -   GlcNAc-T V;     -   GNT-V;     -   Alpha-1,6-Mannosylglycoprotein         6-Beta-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase A;     -   GNT-VA; and     -   GGNTS.

The term “ST3GAL3” as used herein refers to the gene encoding ST3 Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase 3. This gene may also be referred to as ST3Gal III;

-   -   Sialyltransferase 6 (N-Acetyllacosaminide Alpha         2,3-Sialyltransferase);     -   Alpha 2,3-ST;     -   ST3GalIII;     -   SIAT6;     -   ST3N;     -   CMP-N-Acetylneuraminate-Beta-1,4-Galactoside         Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase;     -   Gal Beta-1,3(4) GlcNAc Alpha-2,3 Sialyltransferase;     -   Gal Beta-1,3(4)GIcNAc Alpha-2,3 Sialyltransferase;     -   N-Acetyllactosaminide Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase;     -   Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase;     -   Alpha 2,3-Sialyltransferase III;     -   Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase II;     -   Sialyltransferase 6;     -   EC 2.4.99.6;     -   ST3GALII;     -   EIEE15; and     -   MRT12.

The term “ST3GAL4” as used herein refers to the gene encoding ST3 Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase 4. This gene may also be referred to as Sialyltransferase 4C (Beta-Galactosidase Alpha-2,3-Sialytransferase);

-   -   Gal-Beta-1,4-GalNAc-Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase;     -   Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase 4;     -   Alpha 2,3-Sialyltransferase IV;     -   Alpha 2,3-ST 4;     -   Gal-NAc6S;     -   ST3GalA.2;     -   ST3Gal IV;     -   ST3GalIV;     -   NANTA3;     -   SIAT4C;     -   CGS23;     -   ST-4;     -   STZ;     -   CMP-N-Acetylneuraminate-Beta-Galactosamide-Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase;     -   Sialyltransferase 4C (Beta-Galactoside         Alpha-2,3-Sialytransferase);     -   Alpha-3-N-Acetylneuraminyltransferase;     -   Sialyltransferase 4C;     -   EC 2.4.99.9;     -   EC 2.4.99.-;     -   EC 2.4.99;     -   SIAT4-C;     -   SIAT4;     -   SAT-3; and

The term “ST3GAL6” as used herein refers to the gene encoding ST3 Beta-Galactoside Alpha-10 2,3-Sialyltransferase 6. This gene may also be referred to as CMP-NeuAc:Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase VI;

-   -   Sialyltransferase 10 (Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase VI);     -   ST3GALVI;     -   SIAT10;     -   Type 2 Lactosamine Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase;

Alpha2,3-Sialyltransferase ST3Gal VI;

-   -   Sialyltransferase;     -   EC 2.4.99.9;     -   EC 2.4.99.-;     -   ST3Gal VI; and     -   EC 2.4.99.

The term “B3GNT2” as used herein refers to the gene encoding UDP-GlcNAc:BetaGal Beta-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2. This gene may also be referred to as UDP-GIcNAc:BetaGal Beta-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase;

-   -   Beta3Gn-T1;     -   Beta3Gn-T2;     -   B3GNT1;     -   BGnT-2;     -   UDP-Galactose:Beta-N-Acetylglucosamine         Beta-1,3-Galactosyltransferase 7;     -   N-Acetyllactosaminide Beta-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase;     -   UDP-Gal:Beta-GlcNAc Beta-1,3-Galactosyltransferase 7;     -   Beta-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase BGnT-1;     -   Beta-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase BGnT-2;     -   Beta-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1;     -   Beta-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2;     -   Beta-1,3-Galactosyltransferase 7;     -   Beta-1,3-GalTase 7;     -   Beta-1,3-Gn-T1;     -   Beta-1,3-Gn-T2;     -   Beta-3-Gx-T7;     -   EC 2.4.1.149;     -   Beta3Gal-T7;     -   Beta3Ga1T7;     -   BETA3GNT;     -   B3Gal-T7;     -   3-Gn-T1;     -   3-Gn-T2;     -   B3GN-T2;     -   B3GNT-2;     -   B3GALT7;     -   Beta-1;     -   BGnT-1;     -   B3GNT; and     -   BGNT2.

The term “GLUL” as used herein refers to the gene encoding glutamate-ammonia ligase also referred to as:

-   -   Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase;

Glutamate Decarboxylase;

-   -   Glutamine Synthetase;     -   EC 6.3.1.2;     -   GLNS;     -   GS;     -   Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase (Glutamine Synthase);     -   Cell Proliferation-Inducing Protein 59;     -   Proliferation-Inducing Protein 43;     -   Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase;     -   Glutamine Synthase;

EC 4.1.1.15;

-   -   PIG43; and     -   PIG59.

The term “SPPL3” as used herein refers to the gene encoding Signal Peptide Peptidase Like 3. This gene may also be referred to as

-   -   Presenilin-Like Protein 4;     -   Intramembrane Protease 2;     -   Presenilin Homologous Protein 1;     -   SPP-Like 3;     -   IMP2;     -   PSH1;     -   PSL4;     -   Signal Peptide Peptidase-Like 3;     -   EC 3.4.23.-;     -   MDHV1887;     -   PRO4332; and     -   IMP-2.

The term “FUT8” as used herein refers to the gene encoding Fucosyltransferase 8. This gene may also be referred to as

-   -   GDP-L-Fuc:N-Acetyl-Beta-D-Glucosaminide         Alpha1,6-Fucosyltransferase;     -   Fucosyltransferase 8 (Alpha (1,6) Fucosyltransferase);     -   GDP-Fucose--Glycoprotein Fucosyltransferase;     -   Glycoprotein 6-Alpha-L-Fucosyltransferase;     -   Alpha1-6FucT;     -   EC 2.4.1.68 4;     -   Alpha (1,6) Fucosyltransferase;     -   Alpha-(1,6)-Fucosyltransferase

The term “ST6Gal1” as used herein refers to the gene encoding ST6 Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,6-Sialyltransferase 1. This gene may also be referred to as ST6Gal I;

-   -   CMP-N-Acetylneuraminate-Beta-Galactosamide-Alpha-2,6-Sialyltransferase         1:     -   ST6 N-Acetylgalactosaminide Alpha-2,6-Sialyltransferase 1;     -   ST6 Beta-Galactosamide Alpha-2,6-Sialyltranferase 1;     -   B-Cell Antigen CD75;     -   Alpha 2,6-ST 1;     -   EC 2.4.99.1;     -   ST6GalI;     -   SIAT1;     -   CMP-N-Acetylneuraminate Beta-Galactosamide         Alpha-2,6-Sialyltransferase;     -   Sialyltransferase 1 (Beta-Galactoside         Alpha-2,6-Sialyltransferase);     -   Sialyltransferase 1 (Beta-Galactoside         Alpha-2,6-Sialytransferase);     -   Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,6-Sialyltransferase 1;     -   Sialyltransferase 1; and     -   ST6N.

Specific Embodiments of the Invention

As detailed above in a first aspect the present invention relates to a recombinant mammalian cell line having a) one or more of the endogenous genes Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8 inactivated and/or downregulated; and b) optionally a gene encoding Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 inserted.

In some embodiments of the mammalian cell according to present invention the endogenous genes Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8 are inactivated and/or downregulated; and the gene encoding ST6Gal1 is inserted.

In some embodiments the mammalian cell according to present invention has the endogenous genes Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, and FUT8 inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the mammalian cell according to present invention has the endogenous genes Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8 inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments of the mammalian cell according to present invention the endogenous gene B3GNT2 is present.

In some embodiments the mammalian cell according to present invention further has the endogenous B3GNT2 is inactivated and/or downregulated. It is to be understood that this may be in addition to any combination of other genes being inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the mammalian cell according to present invention further has the endogenous GLUL is inactivated and/or downregulated. It is to be understood that this may be in addition to any combination of other genes being inactivated and/or downregulated.

In some embodiments the mammalian cell according to present invention is an in vitro cell 25 line, such as any one selected from the group consisting of a Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) cells, such as CHO-K1, CHO-S, DG44; Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) cell; COS cell; HEK293; NSO; SP2/0; YB2/0; HUVEC; HKB; PER-C6; NSO; or derivatives of any of these cells.

In some embodiments the mammalian cell according to present invention has been further modified to express an exogenous human glycoprotein of interest, such as a therapeutic human protein. In some embodiments said exogenous human glycoprotein of interest is a human serum protein, such as a human serpin, such as human serpin selected from the list consisting of SERPINA1, SERPINA2, SERPINA3, SERPINA4, SERPINA5, SERPINA6, SERPINA7, SERPINA8, SERPINA9, SERPINA10, SERPINA11, SERPINA12, SERPINA13, SERPINB1, SERPINB2, SERPINB3, SERPINB4, SERPINB5, SERPINB6, SERPINB7, SERPINB8, SERPINB9, SERPINB10, SERPINB11, SERPINB12, SERPINB13, SERPINC1, SERPIND1, SERPINE1, SERPINE2, SERPINE3, SERPINF1, SERPINF2, SERPING1, SERPINH1, SERPINI1, and SERPINI2.

In some embodiments the mammalian cell according to present invention is a cell line producing said glycoprotein of interest with a primary n-glycan structure that is a fully sialylated bi-antennary structure without core fucosylation, such as with more than 80%, such as 82%, such as 84%, such as 86%, such as 88%, such as 90% of the glycoproteins of interest produced being in with a fully sialylated bi-antennary structure without core fucosylation.

In some embodiments the mammalian cell according to present invention has a glycan structure according to the structure A2G2S2 with the following pictorial representations:

Such as according to the structure:

In some embodiments the mammalian cell according to present invention has been further modified to express an exogenous human glycoprotein of interest, which exogenous human glycoprotein of interest is selected from Plasma protease C1 inhibitor (C1Inh) glycosylated at one or more positions selected from Asn3, Asn47, Asn59, Asn216, Asn231, Asn250, and Asn330; Antithrombin-III (ATIII) glycosylated at one or more positions selected from Asn96, Asn135, Asn155 and Asn192; and Human alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) glycosylated at one or more, such as two or three of the positions Asn46, Asn83, and Asn247.

EXAMPLE 1

We knocked out 9 genes in the CHO-S cell line employing CRISPR/Cas9: FUT8, MGAT4a, MGAT4b, MGAT5, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4, ST3GAL6, B3gnt2, Sppl3. Furthermore, we introduced the human gene ST6GAL1 to introduce human type branching of sialic acids. The human genes SERPING or SERPINA were then introduced in this host cell line to achieve expression of the human serum proteins Plasma protease Cl inhibitor (ClInh) or Human alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), respectively. With these modifications, it is accomplished to shift in the glycosylation profile to the predominant bi-antennary, non-core-fucosylated, and α2-6 linked sialic acid form found in human plasma of recombinant produced serum glycoproteins (FIG. 3 ). IEF migration patterns are identical between AAT derived from plasma and the 15 glycoengineered cell line described here (FIG. 4 ). Activity of AAT is not affected (FIG. 5 ).

Plasmids 2632 (GFP_2A_Cas9) and 5920 (FUT8_681494) are described in Gray, L. M., Lee, 3. S., Gerling, S., Kallehauge, T. B., Hansen, A, H., Kol, S., Lee, G. M., Pedersen, L. E. and Kildegaard, H. F. (2015), One-step generation of triple knockout CHO cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 and fluorescent enrichment. Biotechnology Journal, 10: 1446-1456. doi10.1002/biot.201500027.

Plasmids 2928 (MGAT4A_411545), 2933 (MGAT4B_1280368), 2937 (MGAT5_327084), 2940 (ST3GAL4_964386), 2943 (ST3GAL6_1812502), 4408 (B3gnt2 NW 003613880.1_1273293), 4412 (St3_gal3_NW_003613906.1_244730) and 4424 (Sppl3_NW_003613978.1_213040) were constructed as described in Ronda, C., Pedersen, L. E, Hansen, H. G., Kallehauge, T. B, et al., Accelerating genome editing in CHO cells using CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPy, a web-based target finding tool, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014, 111, 1604-4616 with the following modification: sgRNA plasmid sgRNA1_C described in Ronda et al was used as template in the PCR reaction to generate the backbone of gRNA plasmids.

St6Gal1 vector map is shown in FIG. 6 .

SerpinA vector map is shown in FIG. 7 .

SerpinG vector map is shown in FIG. 8 .

SerpinC1 vector map is shown in FIG. 9 .

EXAMPLE 2

We knocked out 10 genes in the CHO-S cell line employing CRISPR/Cas9: FUT8, MGAT4a, MGAT4b, MGAT5, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4, ST3GAL6, B3gnt2, Sppl3 and GLUL. We have constructed plasmids harbouring both the human ST6GAL1, and SERPING or SERPINA genes to simultaneously introduce human type branching of sialic acids and achieve expression of Plasma protease C1 inhibitor (ClInh), or Human alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), respectively.

Combined St6Gal1/SerpinA vector map is shown in FIG. 10 .

Combined St6Gall/SerpinG vector map is shown in FIG. 11 .

EXAMPLE 3

N-glycan analysis was performed with GlycoWorks RapiFluor-MS N-Glycan Kit (Waters, Milford, Mass.) according to the manufacturer's instruction. In this case 12 μl of 10×concentrated (MWCO filtered, Amicon Ultra-15, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) secretome or purified protein sample were used for each. Labeled N-Glycans were analyzed by a LC-MS system using a Thermo Ultimate 3000 HPLC with fluorescence detector coupled on-line to a Thermo Velos Pro Iontrap MS. Separation gradient 30% to 43% buffer and MS was run in positive mode.

EXAMPLE 4

sgRNA, GFP_2A_Cas9 and A1AT/C1INH_St6gal1_GLUL Plasmid Design.

GFP_2A_Cas9 and single guide RNA (sgRNA) plasmids were constructed as previously described (Gray, L.M. et al., One-step generation of triple knockout CHO cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 and fluorescent enrichment. Biotechnol. J. 2015, 10, 1446-1456). The sgRNA target design for MGAT4A, MGAT4B, MGAT5, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4, ST3GAL6, B3GNT2, FUT8, SPPL3 and GLUL was performed using “CRISPy” (Ronda, C. et al., Accelerating genome editing in CHO cells using CRISPR Cas9 and CRISPy, a web-based target finding tool. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014, 111, 1604-1616). The target sites for the mentioned genes and the oligos for sgRNA cloning are listed in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively.

TABLE 2 sgRNA target sequences. The bases in bold mark the PAM site Gene name of target hypothesized KO effect Target sequence (5′-> 3′) MGAT4A decreased branching GTCTACATTCGTCACTGTCGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 1) MGAT4B decreased branching GCTTCAGTCGCGGATCCTCTGGG (SEQ ID NO: 2) MGAT5 decreased branching GGATGGCTACCCCCACTGCGAGG (SEQ ID NO: 3) ST3GAL3 decreased sialylation GATCCTAGCCCACTTTCGAAAGG (SEQ ID NO: 4) ST3GAL4 decreased sialylation GTGTCGTCGTTGTGTTGTGGTGG (SEQ ID NO: 5) ST3GAL6 decreased sialylation GGAGTTGTGATCATTGTGAGCGG (SEQ ID NO: 6) B3GNT2 decreased elongation GTTGGGCAAGACGCCCCCCGAGG (SEQ ID NO: 7) FUT8 no core-fucosylation GTCAGACGCACTGACAAAGTGGG (SEQ ID NO: 8) SPPL3 hyper-glycosylation AGAGAGACGGACGCTCCAATAGG (SEQ ID NO: 9) GLUL* Gln-dependent growth TCCCAAATCAGCAAACAGACTGG (SEQ ID NO: 10) *the GLUL sgRNA efficiency during KO-generation of the presented sequence was very low compared to other target sgRNAs and we recommend the usage of a different design.

TABLE 3 Oligos for sgRNA expression vector cloning. Oligo Name Oligo sequence (5′ −> 3′) gRNA_MGAT4A_411545_fwd GGAAAGGACGAAACACCGTCTACA TTCGTCACTGTCGGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 11) gRNA_MGAT4A_411545_rev CTAAAACGACAGTGACGAATGTAG ACCGGTGTTTCGTCCTTTCCACAA GATAT (SEQ ID NO: 12) gRNA_MGAT4B_1280368_fwd GGAAAGGACGAAACACCGCTTCAG TCGCGGATCCTCTGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 13) gRNA_MGAT4B_1280368_rev CTAAAACAGAGGATCCGCGACTGA AGCGGTGTTTCGTCCTTTCCACAA GATAT (SEQ ID NO: 14) gRNA_MGAT5_327084_fwd GGAAAGGACGAAACACCGGATGGC TACCCCCACTGCGGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 15) gRNA_MGAT5_327084_rev CTAAAACCGCAGTGGGGGTAGCCA TCCGGTGTTTCGTCCTTTCCACAA GATAT (SEQ ID NO: 16) gRNA_ST3GAL3_244730_fwd GGAAAGGACGAAACACCGATCCTA GCCCACTTTCGAAGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 17) gRNA_ST3GAL3_244730_rev CTAAAACTTCGAAAGTGGGCTAGG ATCGGTGTTTCGTCCTTTCCACAA GATAT (SEQ ID NO: 18) gRNA_ST3GAL4_964386_fwd GGAAAGGACGAAACACCGTGTCGT CGTTGTGTTGTGGGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 19) gRNA_ST3GAL4_964386_rev CTAAAACCACAACACAACGACGAC ACCGGTGTTTCGTCCTTTCCACAA GATAT (SEQ ID NO: 20 gRNA_ST3GAL6_1812502_fwd GGAAAGGACGAAACACCGGAGTTG TGATCATTGTGAGGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 21) gRNA_ST3GAL6_1812502_rev CTAAAACCTCACAATGATCACAAC TCCGGTGTTTCGTCCTTTCCACAA GATAT (SEQ ID NO: 22) gRNA_B3GNT2_1273293_fwd GGAAAGGACGAAACACCGTTGGGC AAGACGCCCCCCGGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 23) gRNA_B3GNT2_1273293_rev CTAAAACCGGGGGGCGTCTTGCCC AACGGTGTTTCGTCCTTTCCACAA GATAT (SEQ ID NO: 24) gRNA_FUT8_681494_fwd GGAAAGGACGAAACACCGTCAGAC GCACTGACAAAGTGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 25 gRNA_FUT8_681494_rev CTAAAACACTTTGTCAGTGCGTCT GACGGTGTTTCGTCCTTTCCACAA GATAT (SEQ ID NO: 26) gRNA_SPPL3_213040_fwd GGAAAGGACGAAACACCAGAGAGA CGGACGCTCCAATGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 27) gRNA_SPPL3_213040_rev CTAAAACATTGGAGCGTCCGTCTC TCTGGTGTTTCGTCCTTTCCACAA GATAT (SEQ ID NO: 28 gRNA_GLUL_941540_fwd GGAAAGGACGAAACACCGGCCCAG GGAAGCCATCGGAGTTTTAGAGCT AGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 29) gRNA_GLUL_941540_rev CTAAAACTCCGATGGCTTCCCTGG GCCGGTGTTTCGTCCTTTCCACAA GATAT (SEQ ID NO: 30)

Plasmids for co-expression of A1AT/C1INH and St6gal1 were constructed with uracil-specific excision reagent cloning method as previously described (Pristovšek, N. et al., Using Titer and Titer Normalized to Confluence Are Complementary Strategies for Obtaining Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Lines with High Volumetric Productivity of Etanercept. Biotechnol. J. 2018, 13; and Lund, A. M. et al., A Versatile System for USER Cloning-Based Assembly of Expression Vectors for Mammalian Cell Engineering. PLOS ONE 2014, 9(5): e96693). The DNA sequences of the plasmids are listed in FIG. 17 .

Cell Cultivation and Transfection for Genome Editing.

CHO-S suspension cells were incubated in a humidified incubator at 120 rpm, 37° C., 5% CO2, passaged to 2-3×105 cells/mL every 2-3 days and transfected in 6-well plates (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.) as described previously (Gray, L. M. et al., One-step generation of triple knockout CHO cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 and fluorescent enrichment. Biotechnol. J. 2015, 10, 1446-1456). The GFP_2A_Cas9/sgRNA plasmid ratios for each transfection was 1:1 of which the plasmid load of sgRNA was divided equally by the amount of different sgRNAs used per transfection (Table 5). To measure FACS sorting efficiency, pmaxGFP® vector (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) transfection was performed as well. Cells were harvested for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) 48 h post transfection.

TABLE 5 Indels generated in ten targeted genes by CRISPR/Cas9 multiplexing. Multiplexing round 1 2 3 4 Gene MGAT4A MGAT4B MGAT5 ST3GAL4 ST3GAL6 ST3GAL3 B3GNT2 GLUL SPPL3 FUT8 10× KO +2 −1 +1 −5/+1 +1 +1/+2 −1 −13/−10/−2 +1 +1 clone A 10× KO +2 −1 +1 −5/+1 +1 +1/+2 −1 −13/−10/−2 +1 −7/−1 clone B

Single Cell Cloning of Genome Edited Cells Using FACS.

Before FACS, cells were filtered through a 40 μm cell strainer into a FACS-compatible tube.

Single fluorescent-positive (GFP) cells were sorted into 384-well plates (Corning, New York, N.Y.) containing 30 μL CD CHO medium supplemented with 8 mM L-glutamine, 1.5% HEPES buffer and 1% Antibiotic-Antimycotic (Gibco, Waltham, Mass.) per well as described previously (Hansen, H. G. et al, Case study on human alpha1 -antitrypsin: Recombinant protein titers obtained by commercial ELISA kits are inaccurate. Biotechnol. J. 2016, 11, 1648-1656). For cell sorting, fluorescent-positive cell populations were gated based on non-transfected WT CHO-S cells. Two weeks after cell sorting cell colonies were moved to 96-well flat-bottom plates (BD Biosciences) and expanded for deep sequencing analysis and batch cultivation.

Deep Sequencing Analysis.

Confluent colonies from 96-well flat-bottom replicate plates were harvested for genomic DNA extraction. DNA extraction was performed using QuickExtract DNA extraction solution (Epicentre, Illumina, Madison, Wis. according to the manufacturer's instruction. The library preparation was based on Illumina 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation and deep sequencing was carried out on a MiSeq Benchtop Sequencer (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.). The protocol for amplifying the targeted genomic sequences, amplicon purification, adapter-PCR and following quality analysis was based on previously published work (Gray, L. M. et al., One-step generation of triple knockout CHO cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 and fluorescent enrichment. Biotechnol. J. 2015, 10, 1446-1456). PCR primers are presented in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Primer list for deep sequencing (MiSeq). The primers contain overhang sequences compatible with Illumina Nextera XT indexing (forward primeroverhang: TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTAT AAGAGACAG (SEQ ID NO: 33), reverse primer overhang: GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTA TAAGAGACAG(SEQ ID NO: 34)). primer name sequence (5′ −> 3′) MiSeq_MGAT4A_411545_fwd TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTAT AAGAGACAGGACAGACAGAAGGCA AATCTACG (SEQ ID NO: 35) MiSeq_MGAT4A_411545_rev GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTA TAAGAGACAGTTAACAGCTACACA GGAAGAGCA (SEQ ID NO: 36) MiSeq_MGAT4B_1280368_fwd TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTAT AAGAGACAGGGGATGGGGTGTATG GAGGT (SEQ ID NO: 37) MiSeq_MGAT4B_1280368_rev GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTA TAAGAGACAGTTGCAGACTGCTCT CCTTGG (SEQ ID NO: 38) MiSeq_MGAT5_327084_fwd TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTAT AAGAGACAGCATGAATCTCATGGT TTCCTTTGT (SEQ ID NO: 39) MiSeq_MGAT5_327084_rev GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTA TAAGAGACAGGCTTCAAGACTCAA CTCTTTCCC (SEQ ID NO: 40) MiSeq_ST3GAL3_244730_fwd TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTAT AAGAGACAGGGGAAACAGCATGGG CAAAC (SEQ ID NO: 41) MiSeq_ST3GAL3_244730_rev GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTA TAAGAGACAGACTGGAATGTGGAT GGTGGC (SEQ ID NO: 42) MiSeq_ST3GAL4_964386_fwd TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTAT AAGAGACAGACACCTGATGACCAC ATCGT (SEQ ID NO: 43) MiSeq_ST3GAL4_964386_rev GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTA TAAGAGACAGGCAGGGTCCACTTC TGGATT (SEQ ID NO: 44) MiSeq_ST3GAL6_1812502_fwd TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTAT AAGAGACAGTCACTGTCTTACTAC CCACAGGA (SEQ ID NO: 45) MiSeq_ST3GAL6_1812502_rev GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTA TAAGAGACAGTCCTTTCATTATAT TCAAGAGCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 46) MiSeq_B3GNT2_1273293_fwd TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTAT AAGAGACAGCTCACCCACCGGAGA AACAG (SEQ ID NO: 47) MiSeq_B3GNT2_1273293_rev GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTA TAAGAGACAGAGAAGGCAAGCAAT TCGGGA (SEQ ID NO: 48) MiSeq_FUT8_681494_fwd TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTAT AAGAGACAGTGCCCCCATGACTAG GGATA (SEQ ID NO: 49) MiSeq_FUT8_681494_rev GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTA TAAGAGACAGTCTGCGTTCGAGAA GCTGAAA (SEQ ID NO: 50) MiSeq_SPPL3_213040_fwd TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTAT AAGAGACAGCGTGGAGTAACTTAC CTGCTGT (SEQ ID NO: 51) MiSeq_SPPL3_213040_rev GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTA TAAGAGACAGAAGTGGTGAGTGTG TCCTGT (SEQ ID NO: 52) MiSeq_GLUL_941540_fwd2 TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTAT AAGAGACAGCAACCAGCACCCCTG GTT(SEQ ID NO: 53) MiSeq_GLUL_941540_rev2 GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAGATGTGTA TAAGAGACAGCAGCTGCCAGTCTG TTTGC (SEQ ID NO: 54)

Transfection and expression in polyclonal cell lines by applying MSX-selection Cells were seeded in 250 mL Corning vent cap shake flasks (Sigma-Aldrich) as duplicates with cell densities ˜1×106 cells/mL in 60 mL CD CHO medium supplemented with 8 mM L-glutamine (Life Technologies) and transfected with 75 μg of A1AT-GLUL-St6gal plasmid or 75 μg of C1INH-GLUL-St6gal1 plasmid using FreeStyleTM MAX reagent together with OptiPRO

SFM medium (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. 1 μL/mL anti-clumping agent was added 24 h after transfection. pmaxGFP® vector (Lonza) transfection was performed to measure transfection efficiencies. Two days after transfection, cells were transferred into 60 mL CD CHO medium lacking L-glutamine (Life Technologies) and supplemented with 1 μL/mL anti-clumping agent and 0 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM or 50 μM MSX (EMD Millipore, Billerica, Mass.).

Cell densities and viabilities were determined once per day using the NucleoCounter NC-250 Cell Counter (ChemoMetec). The cells were passaged in fresh selection medium every 2-3 days until viability and doubling time reached stable values. Polyclonal cell lines (pools) were seeded in duplicates at ˜1×106 cells/mL with corresponding MSX concentrations. Cell densities and viabilities were determined once per day and supernatants of the pools were harvested three days after seeding and pooled within duplicates for purification of rhAlAT and rhC1INH.

Single Cell Cloning of Cells from Polyclonal Cell Pools Using FACS

Non-stained single cells were sorted from pools as described above. For cell sorting, all viable cells were gated for sorting into 384-well plates with L-glutamine-free medium. Two weeks after cell sorting the clones were moved to 96-well flat-bottom plates (BD Biosciences) and expanded to shake flask format in CD CHO medium supplemented with 1pL/mL anti-clumping agent, 25 μM MSX and lacking L-glutamine.

Screening cell pools and single cell clones for human-like a-2,6-sialic acid linkage formation with lectin staining.

For lectin staining of cells, triplicates of 10,000 cells per sample were diluted in 200 pL of 0.22 μm pore size filtered CD CHO medium (Life Technologies) supplemented with 5 μg/mL Hoechst 33342 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and 1 μg/mL Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) lectin (Biomol, Hamburg, Germany). After 60 min incubation in the dark at 37° C. and 5% CO2 the cells were washed with 200 μL CD CHO medium and then washed twice with 200 μL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (300 g, 5 min, RT). The samples were resuspended in 200 ul PBS and transferred to 96-well plate for final centrifugation at 300 g for one minute. Percentage of FITC SNA positive cells was determined in a 96-well optical-bottom microplate (Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany) using a Celigo Imaging Cell Cytometer (Nexcelom Bioscience, Lawrence, Mass.). Cells were identified using the blue channel (Hoechst-positive cells), and the green channel (FITC SNA-positive cells) was used to detect cells with alpha-2,6-sialic acid linkage. A Hoechst/FITC SNA-stained CHO-S WT sample was gated to distinguish between FITC-positive and FITC-negative cells.

Batch Cultivation: Cell Growth Analysis and N-glycosylation Profiling.

For batch cultivation and N-glycan analysis, cells were seeded at 0.4×106 cells/mL in 250 mL Corning vent cap shake flasks (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mich.) as duplicates in 60 mL CD CHO medium supplemented with 1 μL/mL anti-clumping agent (Life Technologies). CHO-S WT and non-producing parental 10×KO cell lines were additionally supplemented with 8 mM L-glutamine. rhA1AT/rhC1INH producing clones were cultivated in L-glutamine-free medium at all times and passaged in medium containing 25 μM MSX until the batch cultivation was initiated. Cell densities and viabilities were determined once per day using the NucleoCounter NC-250 Cell Counter (ChemoMetec) until the viability was <70%, at which point the culture was terminated. Supernatant samples with total secreted protein (secretome) from CHO-S WT and parental, non-producing 10×KO cell lines were taken five days after seeding and pooled within biological replicates. The volume for secretome samples was calculated to harbor 20×106 cells. For all shake flasks, additional supernatant samples were taken by centrifuging 1 mL of cell suspension for 5 minutes at 1000 g and storage of supernatant at −80° C. until further analysis.

rhA1AT and rhC1INH Purification

rhA1AT and rhC1INH were purified using CaptureSelect affinity resins (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions. rhA1AT was further purified by size exclusion chromatography on a Superdex 200 increase 10/300 GL column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated in PBS.

Titer Assessment of rhA1AT/rhC1INH Producing Clones

rhA1AT and rhC1INH titers were determined using biolayer interferometry on an Octet RED96 (Pall, Menlo Park, Calif., USA) as described previously for A1AT (Noh, S. M. et al., Reduction of ammonia and lactate through the coupling of glutamine synthetase selection and downregulation of lactate dehydrogenase-A in CHO cells. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2017, 101, 1035-1045). After hydration in PBS, streptavidin biosensors (18-5021, Fortebio, Pall) were functionalized with CaptureSelect biotin anti-A1AT conjugate or CaptureSelect biotin anti-C1INH conjugate (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 5 μg/mL in PBS, and blocked in PBS containing 1 μg/mL biocytin (600 and 300 s incubation steps, respectively). Standards were prepared in spent CHO-S medium using plasma-derived A1AT (Athens Research & Technology) at 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.3, 3.1 and 1.6 μg/mL or C1INH (R&D systems) at 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625 μg/mL. Samples and standards were diluted two-fold and contained 0.1% BSA w/v, 0.1% tween-20 v/v, and 500 mM NaCl. When needed, samples were further diluted to fall within the range of the standard dilution series. After equilibration in spent CHO-S medium (120 s), samples and standards were measured for 300 s with a shaking speed of 1000 rpm at 30° C. Regeneration was performed with 50 mM TRIS, 2 M MgCl2, pH 7.5. Assays were performed in 96-well black microplates (Greiner Bio-One, Kremsmünster, Austria). Octet System Data Analysis 7.1 software was used to calculate binding rates and absolute A1AT and C1INH concentrations.

SDS-PAGE, Isoelectric Focusing and PNGase Treatment

SDS-PAGE was performed on Novex 4-12% Tris-Glycine mini gels and isoelectric focusing (IEF) was performed on Novex pH 3-10 IEF gels (Thermo Fisher Scientific) as per the manufacturer's instructions. Deglycosylation with PNGase F was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.).

Activity Sssays

A1AT inhibitory activity was determined using the EnzChek Elastase Assay Kit (Molecular

Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. In short, A1AT (8.0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.13, and 0.06 μM) was incubated with purified active porcine pancreatic elastase and fluorescently labelled substrate (DQ-elastin). Measurement of fluorescence was performed after 45 min at room temperature (Excitation: 485 nm, slit width 9.0 nm; Emission: 530 nm, slit width 13.5 nm).

C1INH inhibitory activity was determined using the Technochrom C1INH Assay Kit (TechnoClone, Vienna, Austria). In short, plasma containing C1INH activity (120%, 60%, 30%) and samples (˜0.25 μM) were incubated with substrate-buffer mixture for 3 min at room temperature, after which 50% acetic acid was added. Extinction was measured at 405 nm.

N-Glycan Analysis

N-glycans were derivatized with GlycoWorks RapiFluor-MS N-Glycan Kit (Waters, Milford, Mass.) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Briefly; 12 μg purified protein or 12 μl of 10×concentrated (Amicon Ultra-15, Merck) secretome sample were used for each sample. Labeled N-Glycans were analyzed by LC-MS as described previously (Gray, L. M. et al., One-step generation of triple knockout CHO cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 and fluorescent enrichment. Biotechnol. J. 2015, 10, 1446-1456) Separation gradient from 30% to 43% 50 mM ammonium formate buffer and MS were run in positive mode. Amount of N-Glycan was measured by integrating the peaks with Thermo Xcalibur software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) giving the normalized, relative amount of the glycans.

Results

Growth Profile and N-glycan Profile of Clonal 10×KO cell lines

The aim of our study was to produce rhAlAT and rhC1INH in CHO cells with N-glycan profiles similar to human pIAlAT and pIC1INH. Our approach was to engineer the heterogeneous N-glycan profile of CHO-S WT cells towards a homogeneous A2G2S2 N-glycan structure, which is the predominant N-glycan on plA1AT/plC1INH. To this end, we generated out-of-frame insertions or deletions (indels) in eight glycosyltransferases (MGAT4A, MGAT4B, MGAT5, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4, ST3GAL6, B3GNT2, FUT8) as well as in the genes SPPL3 and GLUL (Table 5) over four successive rounds of multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Two clones with indels in the targeted genes were subjected to growth analysis and N-glycan profiling.

Two clones (10×KO A and 10×KO B) with out-of-frame indels in all ten gene targets were obtained and both showed a pronounced increase in batch culture longevity when compared to the parental CHO-S WT cell line (FIG. 12A).

CHO-S WT reached maximal viable cell density of —6×106 cells/mL on day five and cell viability declined rapidly to <50% on day 6. In contrast, the 10×KO A and 10x KO B clones had cell viabilities >75% until day 10 of the batch cultivation and reached higher maximal viable cell density than CHO-S WT.

N-glycan analysis of the CHO-S WT secretome resulted in more than 25 N-glycan structures (FIG. 12B) where the A2G2S2 structure with alpha-2,6-linked sialic acids, predominantly found on pIAlAT and pIC1INH, was not detected. The majority of CHO-S WT N-glycans contained core-fucosylation. The N-glycans produced by CHO-S WT cells appear diverse and comprise high-mannose structures as well as non-galactosylated, fully and partially sialylated di-, tri- and tetra-antennary structures (all with alpha-2,3-linked sialic acids). A2FG2S2 was found as the main N-glycan on total secreted proteins of CHO-S WT. In contrast, the N-glycan profiles of 10×KO A and 10×KO B are more homogeneous (FIG. 12B) with all structures lacking core-fucosylation. In addition, only relatively small amounts of CHO-specific alpha-2,3-linked sialylation were present.

After disruption of the targeted genes, the proportion of A2G2 within N-glycan structures of total secreted proteins was increased from 3.5% (CHO-S WT) to 79% in both 10×KO clones (FIG. 12C). We concluded that the 10×KO A and B clones were suitable host cell lines in our effort to generate humanized N-glycans.

Introducing Human-Like Sialylation in 10×KO Cell Lines

On the basis of A2G2 secretome N-glycan structures of clone 10×KO B, we aimed to develop clonal cell lines expressing St6gall and rhC1INH or St6gall and rhAlAT. We envisioned that such cell lines are capable to produce rhA1AT or rhC1INH with predominant A2G2S2 N-glycan structures as found on pIA1AT and pIC1INH. The functional GLUL-KO selection system was confirmed by MSX-dosage dependent recovery times of cell viabilities from transfected cell pools. Passaging of the different transfection pools was performed until viability and doubling times were stable. We then conducted FACS-based single cell cloning with the 50 μM MSX-selected cells. During the expansion of the generated clones, only clones exhibiting predominant FITC-SNA staining and detectable levels of rhA1AT/rhC1INH in supernatants on coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE gels were selected. Based on these criteria, two rhA1AT (A1-1 and A1-2) and two rhC1INH (C1-1 and C1-2) producing clones were selected for further characterization.

SNA lectins are reported to bind predominantly to sialic acids of N-glycans linked to the galactose residue in a human-like alpha-2,6-sialylation. Analyzing FITC-SNA-stained CHO-S WT, we found relatively low levels of alpha-2,6-sialylation (FIG. 13A). To determine the proportion of cells with human-like sialylation, FITC-SNA stained CHO-S WT samples were used to gate between FITC-positive and FITC-negative cells. Within the two 50 μM MSX-selected polyclonal cell lines, <30% of the cells were found to comprise alpha-2,6-linked sialic acids on N-glycans of cell surface proteins (FIG. 13B). In comparison, 82-90% of the cells in the populations of the selected four clones (A1-1, A1-2, C1-1 and C1-2) had the desired alpha-2,6-linked sialic acids on their N-glycans.

SDS-PAGE gel analysis revealed that purified rhAlAT and rhCiINH produced in the four clones seem to have hydrodynamic volumes (molecular weight) similar to pIAlAT and pIC1INH without detectable impurities as seen in pIC1INH (FIG. 15A). rhAlAT and rhC1INH produced in CHO-S WT background did not co-migrate with pIAlAT and pIC1INH, respectively. However, after deglycosylation with PNGaseF, all recombinantly produced proteins aligned with corresponding bands of pIA1AT and pIC1INH with the exception of rhCiINH produced in a CHO-S WT background displayed an additional protein band at ˜65 kDa.

To further characterize the CHO-produced rhAlAT and rhC1INH, we performed IEF gel analysis (FIG. 15B). rhA1AT from clones A1-1 and A1-2 manifested in two bands with isoelectric points (pI) around pH 4.5 similar to pIAlAT. In contrast, rhAlAT produced in a CHO-S WT background displayed more than nine detectable isoforms with pI between pH 4-5.

IEF gel analysis of rhC1INH produced in a CHO-S WT background resulted in isoforms with pI ranging from pH ˜4-5. A high degree of heterogeneity was also found in purified rhClINH produced in clone C1-1. However, rhC1INH produced in clone C1-2 was less heterogeneous with pI at pH ˜3.5 similar to pIC1INH.

In N-glycan analysis of purified rhA1AT and rhC1INH from CHO-S WT cells we detected a higher degree of heterogeneity compared to N-glycan structures on rhA1AT and rhC1INH from polyclonal 10×KO cell pools. The polyclonal cell lines revealed two predominant sugar structures on both proteins (A2G2 and A2G2S2 N-glycans), whereas we could not detect the A2G2S2 structure on products from CHO-S WT. Moreover, the amount of predominant N-glycan structures on rhAlAT and rhClINH was decreased from two (polyclonal pools) to one (monoclonal producers), identified as A2G2S2 N-glycan.

All four 10×KO-derived monoclonal cell lines produced rhAlAT and rhClINH with higher proportion of A2G2S2 structures than pIA1AT and pIC1INH (FIG. 15C). The proportion of A2G2S2 in rhA1AT and rhC1INH was approximately 88-92% and 84%, respectively, and 82% for pIA1AT and 66% for pIC1INH.

Finally, we investigated the activity of purified rhA1AT and rhCl1NH. rhA1AT activity was determined by its inhibitory function of elastase activity (FIG. 15D). Similar to p1A1AT, a decrease in elastase activity was detected at A1AT concentrations >0.1 μM for rhA1AT from1clones A1-1 and A1-2. In addition, 50% of elastase inhibition was reached at —0.3 pM A1AT for pIAlAT as well as rhAlAT. In vitro activity of purified rhClINH produced by clones C1-1 and C1-2 was similar or higher compared to pIC1INH.

EXAMPLE 5

1 engineered CHO Cell line with KO of the Sppl3 gene and CHO-S wt cells were both transiently transfected using chemical transfection with plasmids encoding either a Erythropoietin or C1inhibitor gene fused to a HPC4-affinity purification tag. The transfected cells were grown for 72 hours in CD CHO+8 mM L-gln using standard conditions as described previously, after which the supernatant was harvested, sterile filtered and stored at −80° C.

For protein purification, the supernatants were thawed and purified by affinity chromatography using a 1-mL anti-protein C affinity column for EPO and Clinhibitor, and the fractions containing the EPO and Clinhibitor respectively were pooled.

N-glycan analysis was performed on the purified samples, with GlycoWorks RapiFluor-MS N-Glycan Kit (Waters, Milford, Mass.) according to the manufacturer's instruction. In this case 12 μl of purified protein sample were used for each. Labeled N-Glycans were analyzed by a LC-MS system using a Thermo Ultimate 3000 HPLC with fluorescence detector coupled on-line to a Thermo Velos Pro Iontrap MS. Separation gradient 30% to 43% buffer and MS was run in positive mode. 

1.-15. (canceled)
 16. A recombinant human glycoprotein of interest produced according to a method comprising the steps of: a) culturing a population of cells of a recombinant mammalian cell line in a suitable cell culture medium; and b) harvesting said human protein of interest from the cell culture or cell culture medium, wherein the recombinant mammalian cell line has i) one or more of the endogenous genes Mgat4A, Mgat4B, Mgat5, St3Gal3, St3Gal4, St3Gal6, SPPL3, and FUT8 inactivated and/or downregulated; and ii) optionally a gene ST6Gal1 inserted, and wherein the recombinant mammalian cell line has been further modified to express the recombinant human glycoprotein.
 17. The recombinant human glycoprotein produced according to claim 16, wherein the recombinant mammalian cell is a CHO-S cell line wherein the genes FUT8, MGAT4a, MGAT4b, MGAT5, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4, ST3GAL6, B3GNT2 and SPPL3 are inactivated and/or downregulated and the human gene ST6GAL1 is inserted.
 18. The recombinant human glycoprotein according to claim 17, which is a human serum protein.
 19. The recombinant human glycoprotein according to claim 18, which is a human serpin.
 20. The recombinant human glycoprotein according to claim 19, wherein the human serpin is selected from the group consisting of SERPINA1 (AAT), SERPINA2, SERPINA3, SERPINA4, SERPINAS, SERPINA6, SERPINA7, SERPINA8, SERPINA9, SERPINA10, SERPINA11, SERPINA12, SERPINA13, SERPINB1, SERPINB2, SERPINB3, SERPINB4, SERPINB5, SERPINB6, SERPINB7, SERPINB8, SERPINB9, SERPINB10, SERPINB11, SERPINB12, SERPINB13, SERPINC1, SERPIND1, SERPINE1, SERPINE2, SERPINE3, SERPINF1, SERPINF2, SERPING1, SERPINH1, SERPINI1, and SERPINI2.
 21. The recombinant human glycoprotein according to claim 17, which has a primary n-glycan structure that is a fully sialylated bi-antennary structure without core fucosylation.
 22. The recombinant human glycoprotein according to claim 21, which glycan structure is according to the structure A2G2S2 with the following pictorial representation:


23. The recombinant human glycoprotein according to claim 22, which a glycan structure is according to the following pictorial representation:


24. The recombinant human glycoprotein according to claim 22, which is selected from the group consisting of Plasma protease C1 inhibitor (C1Inh; SERPING1) glycosylated at one or more positions selected from Asn3, Asn47, Asn59, Asn216, Asn231, Asn250, and Asn330; Antithrombin-III (ATIII; SERPINC1) glycosylated at one or more positions selected from Asn96, Asn135, Asn155 and Asn192; and Human alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT; SERPINA1) glycosylated at one or more, such as two or three of the positions Asn46, Asn83, and Asn247.
 25. A preparation of a recombinant human glycoprotein, wherein more than 80% of the glycan structures of the recombinant human glycoprotein preparation is a fully sialylated bi-antennary structure without core fucosylation.
 26. The preparation according to claim 25, wherein the recombinant human glycoprotein is a human serum protein.
 27. The preparation according to claim 26, wherein the recombinant human glycoprotein is a human serpin.
 28. The preparation according to claim 27, wherein the human serpin is selected from the group consisting of SERPINA1 (AAT), SERPINA2, SERPINA3, SERPINA4, SERPINAS, SERPINA6, SERPINA7, SERPINA8, SERPINA9, SERPINA10, SERPINA11, SERPINA12, SERPINA13, SERPINB1, SERPINB2, SERPINB3, SERPINB4, SERPINBS, SERPINB6, SERPINB7, SERPINB8, SERPINB9, SERPINB10, SERPINB11, SERPINB12, SERPINB13, SERPINC1, SERPIND1, SERPINE1, SERPINE2, SERPINE3, SERPINF1, SERPINF2, SERPING1, SERPINH1, SERPINI1, and SERPINI2.
 29. The preparation according to claim 25, wherein more than 80% of the glycan structures of the recombinant human glycoprotein preparation comprises the structure A2G2S2 with the following pictorial representation:


30. The preparation according to claim 29, wherein more than 80% of the glycan structures of the recombinant human glycoprotein preparation comprises the structure A2G2S2 with the following pictorial representation:


31. The preparation according to claim 29, wherein the recombinant human glycoprotein is selected from the group consisting of Plasma protease C1 inhibitor (C1Inh; SERPING1) glycosylated at one or more positions selected from Asn3, Asn47, Asn59, Asn216, Asn231, Asn250, and Asn330; Antithrombin-III (ATIII; SERPINC1) glycosylated at one or more positions selected from Asn96, Asn135, Asn155 and Asn192; and Human alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT; SERPINA1) glycosylated at one or more, such as two or three of the positions Asn46, Asn83, and Asn247. 